Son
الابن
The deceased's own son. He is the strongest residuary heir (ʿaṣaba) and takes twice a daughter's portion when they inherit together.
Their share
Each row is a family run through the engine in all four schools; the share is the group share of the son.
| Family | Ḥanafī | Mālikī | Shāfiʿī | Ḥanbalī |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alone | 1 residue (ʿaṣaba) | |||
| With Wife | 7/8 residue (ʿaṣaba) | |||
| With Daughter | 2/3 residue (ʿaṣaba) | |||
| With Daughter × 2 | 1/2 residue (ʿaṣaba) | |||
| With Father | 5/6 residue (ʿaṣaba) | |||
| With Husband, Father, and Mother | 5/12 residue (ʿaṣaba) | |||
| With Wife and Daughter | 7/12 residue (ʿaṣaba) | |||
| With Mother × 2 | needs a scholar's review | needs a scholar's review | needs a scholar's review | needs a scholar's review |
- With Mother × 2 — Ḥanafī, Mālikī, Shāfiʿī, and Ḥanbalī: needs a scholar's review
Who excludes them
No heir excludes the son entirely; other heirs can only reduce the share.
Whom they exclude
A single son excludes, in all four schools:
- Son's son
- Son's daughter
- Great-grandson
- Great-granddaughter
- Full brother
- Full sister
- Paternal brother
- Paternal sister
- Maternal brother
- Maternal sister
- Full nephew
- Paternal nephew
- Full paternal uncle
- Paternal half-uncle
- Full cousin
- Paternal cousin
- Daughter's son
- Daughter's daughter
- Sister's son
- Sister's daughter
- Maternal grandfather
- Maternal uncle
- Maternal aunt
- Paternal aunt
Where the schools differ
In every situation above, the four schools give the son the same share.
The verse
The share of the son rests on Sūrat an-Nisāʾ, verse 11.
Read 4:11 in the Quran readerWorked examples
Questions
- How much does the son inherit?
- It depends on who else inherits. Computed in all four schools: alone: 1; with wife: 7/8; with daughter: 2/3; with daughter × 2: 1/2; with father: 5/6.
- Can another heir exclude the son entirely?
- No. The son always inherits something; other heirs can only reduce the share.
- Whom does the son exclude?
- In all four schools a single son excludes: son's son, son's daughter, great-grandson, great-granddaughter, full brother, full sister, paternal brother, paternal sister, maternal brother, maternal sister, full nephew, paternal nephew, full paternal uncle, paternal half-uncle, full cousin, paternal cousin, daughter's son, daughter's daughter, sister's son, sister's daughter, maternal grandfather, maternal uncle, maternal aunt, and paternal aunt.
- Do the four schools agree on the share of the son?
- Yes. In every situation computed here the Ḥanafī, Mālikī, Shāfiʿī and Ḥanbalī schools give the same share.