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Meaning

Whom does "their devils" (shayāṭīnihim) refer to?

Answer

Imām Ibn al-Jawzī (d. 597 AH / 1201 CE) summarized the scholars' opinions in his book "Zād al-Masīr" as follows:

  1. Their leaders in disbelief. [Ibn Masʿūd, Ibn ʿAbbās, al-Ḥasan, al-Suddī]
  2. Their fellow polytheists. [Abū al-ʿĀliyah, Mujāhid]
  3. Their religious leaders. [Al-Ḍaḥḥāk and al-Kalbī]
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