Did this verse have an impact on the prohibition of alcohol (khamr) in Islam? And what about the prohibition of gambling?

Imām Ibn al-Jawzī (d. 597/1201) summarized the scholars' opinions in his book "Zād al-Masīr" as follows:

1. It implies a censure of khamr but does not prohibit it. [Al-Suddī, Saʿīd ibn Jubayr, Mujāhid, Qatādah, Muqātil] According to this opinion, this verse has been abrogated.
2. The second opinion is that it does have a role in its prohibition, as Allah has stated that there is a great sin in it, and all sin is prohibited by His words, "My Lord forbids only... sin and oppression" [7:33]. [Cited by al-Zajjāj, chosen by Qāḍī Abū Yaʿlā] Some of the linguistic exegetes (ahl al-maʿānī) argued for its correctness, saying: When Allah said, "Say, in them is a great sin and some benefit for people," this indicated a balance between the two aspects. However, when He said, "and their sin is greater than their benefit," the sin became predominant, and the benefit was overshadowed by the sin. Thus, the ruling returned to the predominance of what outweighs, making the side of prohibition prevail.

Ibn al-Jawzī then comments on gambling: "Its ruling is similar to that of intoxicants. If we say that this verse indicates prohibition of khamr, then gambling is also prohibited. But if we say that it indicates only dislike (karāhah), the strongest view is to say that the verse in Al-Māʾidah (5:90) explicitly states the prohibition of gambling."