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অর্থ

What is meant by "what the devils tatlū (recite/follow)"?

উত্তর

Imām Ibn al-Jawzī (d. 597/1201) summarized the scholars' opinions in his book "Zād al-Masīr" as follows:

  1. When Solomon lost his kingdom, the devils wrote magic and buried it in his prayer place (muṣallā). After he died, they unearthed it and claimed that this was the source of his dominion. [Abū Ṣāliḥ from Ibn ʿAbbās; Muqātil].
  2. Āṣaf, the scribe of Solomon, would write what Solomon commanded and bury it under his throne. After Solomon's death, the devils found it, and they added magic and lies of their own writing between the lines, and attributed it to Solomon. [Saʿīd ibn Jubayr from Ibn ʿAbbās]
  3. The devils wrote magic after Solomon's death and then attributed it to him. [ʿIkrimah]
  4. The devils introduced magic, which Solomon took and buried under his throne to prevent people from learning it. After his death, the devils unearthed it, taught it to people, and claimed that this was the knowledge that Solomon possessed. [Qatādah]
  5. Solomon took oaths from animals, so if an animal harmed a person, it would release him upon being asked by that oath. The magicians added rhymes and magic to this. [Abū Mijlaz]
  6. During Solomon's reign, the devils would eavesdrop on the angels, hearing what would happen on earth in terms of death, rain, or other matters. They would then tell the soothsayers, who would relay it to people, and it would come true. When the soothsayers gained their trust, the devils started lying to them, adding other things to it. They would add seventy words (from themselves) to every one word (that they heard). People wrote these things down in books, and it became widespread among the Israelites that the jinn know the unseen. Solomon gathered these books, placed them in a chest, and buried it under his throne. No devil could approach the throne without being consumed in flames. Solomon declared that anyone who claimed the devils knew the unseen would be executed. After Solomon's death, a devil led some Israelites to the chest, claiming that Solomon was only able to rule over the creation through this (magic). Thus, the rumor spread among the people that Solomon was a sorcerer. The Israelites then adopted those books. When Muḥammad (ﷺ) came, they disputed with him using these books. [Al-Suddī]
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